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Sains Malaysiana 54(10)(2025): 2367-2376
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5410-03
Penguraian Sisa Pepejal dengan menggunakan Kulat Aspergillus
fumigatus Terpegun
(Decomposition
of Solid Waste using Immobilised Fungi Aspergillus fumigatus)
YAVINASH MURALEE THARAN1, AHMAD RAZI OTHMAN1, NUR NADHIRAH RAMLI1,*, SITI ROZAIMAH SHEIKH
ABDULLAH1, HASSIMI ABU HASAN1,2 & NUR ‘IZZATI ISMAIL1
1Jabatan Kejuruteraan Kimia dan Proses, Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Received: 30 September 2024/Accepted: 29 July 2025
Abstrak
Sisa enap cemar kumbahan bandaran yang dihasilkan di kawasan persekitaran menjadi isu yang penting kerana pengumpulannya dan sukar untuk terurai, sekali gus menjejaskan ekosistem. Mikroorganisma, terutamanya kulat, mampu melaksanakan aktiviti metabolik secara cekap dan berkesan dalam pelbagai keadaan berikutan tindak balas enzim. Aspergillus
fumigatus ialah kulat yang mempunyai keupayaan yang kuat untuk menghasilkan enzim secara ekstrasel. Oleh itu, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengkultur dan mengkaji morfologi kulat A. fumigatus, menentukan kadar penguraian sisa pepejal oleh kulat terpegun A. fumigatus dan menentukan kadar pertumbuhan kulat terpegun A. fumigatus. Dalam kajian ini, A. fumigatus mengalami proses pemegunan untuk mengurai enap cemar kumbahan dengan lebih cekap dan berkesan. Teknik pengkapsulan digunakan dengan menggunakan bekas Polivinil Klorida (PVC) untuk memerangkap kulat A. fumigatus dan dieramkan selama 30 hari. Pemencilan A.
fumigatus dilakukan menggunakan media agar Czapek-Dox (CDA) dan kaldu dekstrosa kentang (PDB) serta dikulturkan selama 2 minggu. Dalam kajian ini, analisis jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS) menunjukkan peratus penurunan sebanyak 13.07% untuk kawalan dan 24.02% untuk rawatan selama 4 minggu. Selain itu, kadar pertumbuhan kulat A. fumigatus adalah sebanyak 0.0033 m/hari selama 4 minggu. Bagi morfologi kulat pula, perkembangan koloni pada CDA ditunjukkan oleh pertumbuhan padat, berfilamen serta berwarna kelabu dan kehijauan. Berdasarkan keputusan mikroskop elektron pengimbas (SEM), tiada kehadiran kulat A. fumigatus dalam kedua-dua air sisa awal dan akhir. Kajian ini menyokong kaedah rawatan biologi sebagai pendekatan praktikal dan alternatif untuk rawatan enap cemar kumbahan. Pemegunan kulat menggunakan PVC adalah penting untuk rawatan ini kerana ia mudah bertindak balas dengan kumpulan berfungsi semasa pengkapsulan, murah dan tidak toksik. Mekanisme dalam mempercepatkan penguraian rawatan dan menilai keberkesanannya terhadap pelbagai jenis sisa yang lain perlu dikaji pada masa hadapan.
Kata kunci: Aspergillus
fumigatus; kulat; pemegunan; penguraian; sisa pepejal bandaran
Abstract
Municipal sewage sludge generated in the
environment has become an issue due to its abundance in surrounding area and
difficulty in decomposing it, adversely impacting the ecosystem.
Microorganisms, particularly fungi, is able to accomplish metabolic activities
efficiently and precisely under a variety of environmental circumstances, owing
to enzymatic responses. Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungus with a strong
ability to produce extracellular enzymes. Thus, objective of this study was to
culture and examine the morphology of A. fumigatus, assess the solid
waste degradation rate using immobilized A. fumigatus and determine the
growth rate of immobilized A. fumigatus. In this study, the fungus
undergo immobilization to enhance the efficient and effective degradation of
sewage sludge. The encapsulation technique using custom-made Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) to trap A. fumigatus and incubated for 30 days. The isolation of A.
fumigatus was carried out using Czapek-Dox Agar
(CDA) and Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) media and cultured for 2 weeks. The total
suspended solids (TSS) analysis showed a reduction of 13.07% for the control
and 24.02% for the treatment over 4 weeks. Additionally, the growth rate of A.
fumigatus was 0.0033 μ/day during the same period. Morphologically,
dense, filamentous colonies with gray and green hues
were observed on CDA. Based on SEM (scanning electron microscopy) results,
there is no presence of A. fumigatus fungus in both initial and final
wastewater. This study supports the practical and alternative approach of this
biological treatment method for wastewater management. The immobilisation of
fungi with PVC is essential for this approach because it quickly interacts with
functional groups during encapsulation and is a low-cost, non-toxic substance
that is efficient in biological treatment. Moving forward, researchers should
examine mechanisms by which this treatment promotes decomposition and assess
its efficacy on different waste form.
Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus; degradation;
fungi; immobilization; municipal sewage sludge
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